Scientiﬁc articles describing applications that use/implement/expand

principles of ViBe

Last update: April 15, 2025

1. Online surface defect detection

Shu, L., Zou, G., Meng, Z., and Wang, Y. An online surface defect detection method

for weld seam based on SAE model and background extraction method. Optics &

Laser Technology, 187:1–11, September 2025. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.

optlastec.2025.112791

2. Detection of small drones

Ucurum, E., Birch, P., Han, X., Tian, Y., Young, R., and Chatwin, C. Evaluating

a motion-based region proposal approach with background subtraction methods for

small drone detection. Drones and Autonomous Vehicles, 2(2):1–13, April 2025. URL

http://dx.doi.org/10.70322/dav.2025.10007

3. Video transmission

Miao, Y., Hu, D., and Wang, Y. An eﬃcient vector quantization-based semantic commu-

nication system for virtual reality video transmission. IEEE Wireless Communications

Letters, pages 1–5, April 2025. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3559583

4. Crowd emotion detection

Chen, X., Liu, Z., Liu, T., and Xiao, J. Create a crowd emotion detection framework

with ecological validity. IEEE Transactions on Aﬀective Computing, pages 1–17, 2025.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2024.3492262

5. background/vibe/applications/crowd/Chen2025Create.pdf

6. Fall detection of elderly people

Fu, F. A video-based fall detection using 3D sparse convolutional neural network in

elderly care services. Machine Graphics and Vision, 34(1):53–74, March 2025. URL

http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/mgv.2025.34.1.3

7. Target extraction of moving IC wafers

Li, Y., Kong, D., Li, G., Lu, L., and Mitrouchev, P. Research on an improved ViBe

algorithm to enhance the target extraction of moving IC wafer. In International Work-

shop of Advanced Manufacturing and Automation, volume 1364) of Lecture Notes in

Electrical Engineering, pages 324–329. Springer Nature Singapore, February 2025. URL

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-2625-0_40

8. Image stitching

Wu, F., Wang, B., Sang, Y., and Zhang, Y. Dynamic panoramic image stitching with

multi-aperture compound eye array. In Optics Young Scientist Summit (OYSS), volume

13520 of Proceedings of SPIE. SPIE, January 2025. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/

12.3057119

9. Smoky vehicle detection from traﬃc surveillance videos

Nisha, J.S., Goutham, V., and Palanisamy, G. An improved method for AI-based smoky

vehicle detection from traﬃc surveillance videos. Signal, Image and Video Processing,

19(1), December 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11760-024-03659-3

10. Construction of a dataset for pose estimation

Lin, Y., Wei, Z., Zhang, W., Lin, X., Dai, Y., Wen, C., Shen, S., Xu, L., and Wang,

C. HmPEAR: A dataset for human pose estimation and action recognition. In ACM

International Conference on Multimedia, pages 2069–2078. ACM, Melbourne, Victoria,

Australia, October 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3664647.3681055

11. Integration in a system for quadruped robots

Zhu, C., Zhao, Z., Bao, J., Yang, Z., Huang, C., and Zhang, Z. Integrated optical sens-

ing, communication, and computation system for quadruped robots. In International

Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), pages 789–

794. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Hefei, China, October

2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcsp62071.2024.10826821

12. Anomaly detection in video surveillance

Wang, X. Anomaly Detection in Video Surveillance. Cognitive Intelligence and Robotics.

Springer Nature Singapore, August 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3023-0

13. Shadow detection in VideoSAR images

Wu, Z., Xie, H., Gao, T., Zhang, Y., and Liu, H. Moving target shadow detection

method based on improved ViBe in VideoSAR images. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics

in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 17:14575–14587, August 2024. URL

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3443080

14. Force estimation

Areﬁnia, E., Jagadeesan, J., and Patel, R.V. Machine-learning-based multi-modal force

estimation for steerable ablation catheters. IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics

and Bionics, 6(3):1004–1016, August 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmrb.

2024.3407590

15. Detection of ﬂoods

Bou, X., Ehret, T., Von Gioi, R.G., and Anger, J. Portraying the need for temporal data

in ﬂood detection via sentinel-1. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing

Symposium (IGARSS), pages 3930–3934, July 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.

1109/igarss53475.2024.10640621

16. Analysis of the dynamics of leaf-cutting ants

Ferreira, F.T.N., Constantino, P.B., de Toledo, M.A.F., and Helene, A.F. Spatio-

temporal learning in a mass-recruiting leaf-cutting ant (acromyrmex subterraneus).

bioRxiv, June 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.12.598721

17. Video transformer for privacy-preserving stream analytics

Feng, D., Wang, L., Chen, S., Tung, L., and Liu, F. X-Stream: A ﬂexible, adaptive

video transformer for privacy-preserving video stream analytics. In IEEE International

Conference on Computer Communications, volume 16, pages 1–10. Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Vancouver, Canada, May 2024. URL http://dx.

doi.org/10.1109/infocom52122.2024.10621341

18. Motion detection for video surveillance

Brown, M.J., Chenglong, L., Xinyan, G., and Xinxin, S. Adaptive motion detection

for enhanced video surveillance. In IEEE Advanced Information Management, Com-

municates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC), pages 360–367.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Chongqing, China, May 2024.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imcec59810.2024.10575515

19. Real-time tracking on low-cost edge devices

Do, V.M., Wu, M., Lam, S.K., and Srikanthan, T. Achieving real-time visual tracking

with low-cost edge AI. In ACM/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Sys-

tems (ICCPS), pages 279–280. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),

Hong Kong, Hong Kong, May 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccps61052.

2024.00035

20. Video anomaly detection

Ye, Q., Song, Z., Zhao, Y., and Zhang, Y. Dual-channel autoencoder with key region

feature enhancement for video anomalous event detection. Neural Processing Letters,

56(3):1–18, May 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11063-024-11634-9

21. Detection of invasive hornets

O’Shea-Wheller, T.A., Corbett, A., Osborne, J.L., Recker, M., and Kennedy, P.J. Ves-

pAI: a deep learning-based system for the detection of invasive hornets. Communications

Biology, 7(1), April 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-05979-z

22. Flood detection via Sentinel-1 satellites

Bou, X., Ehret, T., von Gioi, R.G., and Anger, J. Portraying the need for temporal

data in ﬂood detection via Sentinel-1. arXiv, abs/2403.03671, 2024. URL http:

//dx.doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.03671

23. Fish tracking

Zhang, A. and Palaoag, T.D. Underwater ﬁsh tracking algorithm based on ViBE de-

tection and covariance matrix. In International Conference on Image, Video and Signal

Processing, pages 73–78. ACM, Ikuta, Japan, March 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/

10.1145/3655755.3655765

24. Facial detection

Mrak, V. and Klymash, M. Facial recognitino system model for ﬁxed video surveillance

systems. Measuring and Computing Devices in Technological Processes, 1:68–73, March

2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2219-9365-2024-77-9

25. Real-time group detection in medium density crowd

Chaudhary, R. and Kumar, M. A novel method for real time group detection in medium

density crowd. In AIP Conference Proceedings, pages 1–6. IOP Publishing, 2024. URL

http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0186075

26. Space dynamic target tracking

Huang, C., Zeng, Q., Xiong, F., and Xu, J. Space dynamic target tracking method

based on ﬁve-frame diﬀerence and deepsort. Scientiﬁc Reports, 14:1–19, March 2024.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56623-z

27. Detection of surface defects

Shu, l., Zou, g., Meng, z., and Wang, Y. A surface defect detection method for weld

seam based on sae model and background extraction method. Social Science Research

Network, pages 1–22, 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4756207

28. Tool for video encoding and streaming

Ganguly, M., Bhattacharyya, A., Sau, A., and Mahato, S. Synergized QoE-centric

streaming for telerobotics. In International Conference on Computing, Networking and

Communications (ICNC), pages 48–54. IEEE, Big Island, HI, USA, February 2024.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnc59896.2024.10556105

29. High-speed target detection

Lu, L., Chen, S., Li, G., and Mitrouchev, P. High-speed moving target detection based

on background modeling. In International Workshop of Advanced Manufacturing and

Automation, volume 1154 of Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, pages 307–312.

Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0665-5_

30. Detection of moving objects

dou, f. and Tu, M. Moving object detection and deepsort fusion for dynamic object

tracking. PREPRINT, February 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.

rs-3926726/v1

31. Real-time generation of spherical panoramic video

Gao, J., Wu, J., Huang, M., and Xu, G. Real-time generation of spherical panoramic

video using an omnidirectional multicamera system. The Photogrammetric Record, pages

1–31, January 2024. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phor.12474

32. River ice regime recognition

Yang, Z., Zong, J., Zhu, Y., Liu, X., Tao, R., and Yu, Y. River ice regime recogni-

tion based on deep learning: Ice concentration, area, and velocity. Water, 16(1):1–21,

December 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16010058

33. Tile-based management system for videos

Zhong, T., Zhang, Z., Lu, G., Yuan, Y., Wang, Y.P., and Wang, G. TVM: A tile-based

video management framework. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 17(4):671–684,

December 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3636218.3636224

34. Activity recognition

Sudharson, D., Srinithi, J., Akshara, S., Abhirami, K., Sriharshitha, P., and Priyanka, K.

Proactive headcount and suspicious activity detection using YOLOv8. Procedia Com-

puter Science, 230:61–69, 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.

12.061

35. Detection of landing points for table tennis

Ning, T., Wang, C., Fu, M., and Duan, X. A study on table tennis landing point

detection algorithm based on spatial domain information. Scientiﬁc Reports, 13:1–12,

November 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42966-6

36. Detection of surface ice

Gu, J., N, J., Y, H., and Q, W. Radiation event extraction algorithm for CMOS cameras

in dynamic environments. International Congress on Image and Signal Processing,

BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI), pages 1–6, October 2023. URL

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisp-bmei60920.2023.10373259

37. Real-time multi-video query in a cloud system

Zhong, J., Niu, Y., and Zhu, M. QueryEdge: Real-time muti-video query in edge-

cloud collaborative system. In IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and

Cybernetics (SMC), pages 3653–3658. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, October 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/

smc53992.2023.10393960

38. Generic dynamic spatio-temporal data summarization technique

Tasnim, H., Dutta, S., and Moses, M. Dynamic spatio-temporal summarization using

information based fusion. arXiv, abs/2310.01617, 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/

10.48550/arXiv.2310.01617

39. Lightweight speaker tracking

Yu, X., Zhang, L., and Li, X.Y. E-talk: Accelerating active speaker detection with audio-

visual fusion and edge-cloud computing. In IEEE International Conference on Sensing,

Communication, and Networking (SECON), pages 528–536. Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Madrid, Spain, September 2023. URL http://dx.doi.

org/10.1109/secon58729.2023.10287518

40. Video object segmentation for unmanned aerial and ground vehicles

Yun, K., Kim, H.I., Bae, K., and Moon, J. Background memory-assisted zero-shot

video object segmentation for unmanned aerial and ground vehicles. ETRI Journal,

September 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2023-0115

41. Fall detection (hardware solution)Wang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Han, X., Chen, J.,

Hong, Z., Chen, W., and Zhao, H. Lightweight fall detection system based on Orangepi

5B. In International Symposium on Sensors, Mechatronics, and Automation (ISSMAS),

volume 12981 of Proceedings of SPIE. SPIE, August 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/

10.1117/12.3015158

42. Underwater surveillance

He, N., Huang, J., Zhao, T., and Xu, Y. A region of interest extraction algorithm

for underwater surveillance video. In IEEE International Conference on Information,

Communication and Networks (ICICN), pages 794–801. Institute of Electrical and Elec-

tronics Engineers (IEEE), Xian, China, August 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.

1109/icicn59530.2023.10392818

43. Moving vehicle detection in satellite videos

Guo, D., Zhang, J., Lou, W., and Zhao, L. Moving vehicle detection in satellite videos

by improved ViBe algorithm. Remote Sensing Letters, 14(8):844–853, August 2023.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2150704x.2023.2240504

44. Detection of UAVs

Tang, Z., Gao, Y., Xun, Z., Peng, F., Sun, Y., Liu, S., and Li, B. Strong detector with

simple tracker. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recog-

nition Workshops (CVPRW), pages 3047–3053. Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers (IEEE), Vancouver, Canada, June 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/

cvprw59228.2023.00306

45. Detection of ship target

Huang, H., Jia, Q., and Tao, X. Sea ship target detection based on improved ViBe

algorithm. In IEEE International Conference on Information Technology, Big Data and

Artiﬁcial Intelligence (ICIBA), pages 603–608. Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers (IEEE), Chongqing, China, May 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/

iciba56860.2023.10164987

46. Automatic lameness detection in dairy cows

Jia, Z., Yang, X., Wang, Z., Yu, R., and Wang, R. Automatic lameness detection in

dairy cows based on machine vision. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological

Engineering, 16(3):217–224, May 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.25165/j.ijabe.

20231603.8097

47. Crowd analysis on a touristic site

Ding, S., Zhang, R., Liu, Y., Lu, P., and Liu, M. Visitor crowding at world heritage

sites based on tourist spatial-temporal distribution: a case study of the Master-of-Nets

garden, China. Journal of Heritage Tourism, pages 1–26, May 2023. URL http://dx.

doi.org/10.1080/1743873x.2023.2214680

48. Human behavior detection

Liu, L., Wang, K.I.K., Tian, B., Abdulla, W.H., Gao, M., and Jeon, G. Human behavior

recognition via hierarchical patches descriptor and approximate locality-constrained lin-

ear coding. Sensors, 23:1–19, May 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115179

49. Fog detection at dawn and dusk for satellite imaging

Ma, H., Liu, Z., Jiang, K., Jiang, B., Feng, H., and Hu, S. A novel ST-ViBe algorithm

for satellite fog detection at dawn and dusk. Remote Sensing, 15(9):1–19, April 2023.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092331

50. Pose estimation

Li, R., Wang, M., Zhou, W., and Fu, J. Pose estimation of ﬂying target based on bi-

modal information fusion. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 52(3), April 2023. URL

http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20220618

51. Detection of metal hose

Chen, R., Wu, Z., Zhang, D., and Chen, J. Multizone leak detection method for metal

hose based on YOLOv5 and OMD-ViBe algorithm. Applied Sciences, 13(9):1–20, April

2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095269

52. Target intrusion detection using infrared thermal imaging

Sun, L., Ma, Q., Zhao, Y., Liu, B., Zhang, T., and Yang, H. Research on target

intrusion detection algorithm based on improved ViBe using infrared thermal imag-

ing. In S. Zhuang and J. Chu, editors, Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, Tera-

hertz Waves and Applications (IMT). SPIE, Shanghai, China, April 2023. URL http:

//dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2662528

53. Detection of forest wildﬁre

Wang, L., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Hu, K., and An, K. A deep learning-based experiment

on forest wildﬁre detection in machine vision course. IEEE Access, 11:32671–32681,

March 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3262701

54. Target detection

Sun, W., Yang, Z., Zhao, B., Wang, Y., Yang, Z., Jiang, Y., and Song, H. Research

on target detection of regional monitoring with complex background using CNN and

background modelling. In International Conference on Machine Vision and Infor-

mation Technology (CMVIT), pages 102–106. Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers (IEEE), Xiamen, China, March 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/

cmvit57620.2023.00028

55. Motion trajectory tracking of athletes

Zhang, L. and Dai, H. Motion trajectory tracking of athletes with improved depth

information-based KCF tracking method. Multimedia Tools and Applications, pages

1–13, March 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14929-6

56. Target detection and recognition for traﬃc congestion using UAVs

Iftikhar, S., Asim, M., Zhang, Z., Muthanna, A., Chen, J., El-Aﬀendi, M., Sedik, A., and

Abd El-Latif, A.A. Target detection and recognition for traﬃc congestion in smart cities

using deep learning-enabled UAVs: A review and analysis. Applied Sciences, 13(6):1–26,

March 2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063995

57. Detection of loitering activities of humans in surveillance

Wahyono, W., Harjoko, A., Dharmawan, A., Adhinata, F.D., Kosala, G., and Jo, A.

Loitering detection using spatial-temporal information for intelligent surveillance sys-

tems on a vision sensor. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 12(1):1–17, January

2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan12010009

58. Background generation for stitching for augmented virtual environments

Zhou, Z., Meng, M., Zhou, Y., Zhu, Z., and You, J. Model-guided 3D stitching for aug-

mented virtual environment. Science China Information Sciences, 66(1):1–16, January

2023. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11432-021-3323-2

59. Gas-leak area detection and gas identiﬁcation based on mid-infrared images

Zhao, Q., Nie, X., Luo, D., Wang, J., Li, Q., and Chen, W. An eﬀective method

for gas-leak area detection and gas identiﬁcation with mid-infrared image. Photonics,

9(12):1–15, December 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120992

60. Detection of moving targets in infrared images and calculation of its azimuth information

Li, Y., Kong, X., Liu, L., and Bai, X. Detection and azimuth information display of

infrared moving targets. In Infrared, Millimeter-Wave, and Terahertz Technologies IX,

volume 12324 of Proceedings of SPIE. SPIE, December 2022. URL http://dx.doi.

org/10.1117/12.2646998

61. Vehicle detection

Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, C., Leng, K., and Park, K.S. An adaptive vector-based

vehicles detection for urban intersection camera sensors under nighttime illumination.

IEEE Sensors Journal, 22(23):23042–23050, December 2022. URL http://dx.doi.

org/10.1109/jsen.2022.3215739

62. Placement of objects of a ﬁre truck

Yuan, Z. and Xu, D. Moving target detection of elevating ﬁre truck based on D-vibe

algorithm in vehicular environment. In China Automation Congress (CAC). Institute

of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Xiamen, China, November 2022. URL

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac57257.2022.10055872

63. Small object detection in infrared images

Li, K., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., and Zhao, C. Infrared detection of small-moving

targets using spatial local vector diﬀerence and temporal sample consensus measures.

IEEE Access, 10:113865–113874, 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.

2022.3217656

64. Object detection for surveillance

Hu, H., Shen, L., Gao, and Li, M. Object detection algorithm guided by motion informa-

tion. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 48(9):1710–1720,

September 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2022.0291

65. Joint detection and tracking for a drilling robot

Guo, J., Zou, X., Wang, Z., and Pan, J. Joint detection and tracking with movable

camera and its application to a drilling robot in underground coal mine. In IEEE Inter-

national Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA), pages 946–951. Institute

of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Guilin, Guangxi, China, August 2022.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma54519.2022.9855929

66. Crowd behavior prediction

Tripathy, S.K., Kostha, H., and Srivastava, R. TS-MDA: two-stream multiscale deep

architecture for crowd behavior prediction. Multimedia Systems, 29(1):15–31, July 2022.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00530-022-00975-x

67. Detection of foreign objects

Hu, P. Detection and recognition of foreign objects in urban rail transit lines based on

image processing. Automation & Instrumentation, 7:86–90, July 2022. URL https://

caod.oriprobe.com/articles/63759532/ji_yu_tu_xiang_chu_li_de_cheng_shi_gui_

dao_jiao_tong_xian_lu_yi_wu_jia.htm

68. Detection of abnormal crowd behavior

Zhao, X., Chen, J., Lin, H., Zhao, Y., and Wei, C. Detection of abnormal crowd behavior

based on ViBE and optical ﬂow methods. In Chinese Conference on Image and Graphics

Technologies, volume 1611 of Communications in Computer and Information Science,

pages 208–219. Springer Nature Singapore, July 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.

1007/978-981-19-5096-4_16

69. Fire detection

Zhao, S., Liu, B., Chi, Z., Li, T., and Li, S. Characteristics based ﬁre detection sys-

tem under the eﬀect of electric ﬁelds with improved Yolo-v4 and ViBe. IEEE Access,

10:81899–81909, 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3190867

70. Detection of vehicles by on-board smart cameras

Greco, A., Saggese, A., Vento, M., and Vigilante, V. Vehicles detection for smart roads

applications on board of smart cameras: A comparative analysis. IEEE Transactions

on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23(7):8077–8089, July 2022. URL http://dx.

doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3075749

71. Moving vehicle detection in satellite video

Wei, D., Jing, Z., and Pan, H. Moving vehicle detection in satellite video via back-

ground subtraction and global-local features fusion faster R-CNN. In Proceedings of the

International Conference on Aerospace System Science and Engineering, volume 849

of Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, pages 197–210. Springer Nature Singapore,

July 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8154-7_16

72. Detection of illegally parked vehicles

Pranata, P.Y. and Wahyono. Improved visual background extractor for illegally parked

vehicle detection. International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, 15(3):416–

425, June 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.22266/ijies2022.0630.35

73. Leakage detection

Lyu, C., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Chen, Y., Jin, J., and Yang, J. Visual early leakage detection

for industrial surveillance environments. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,

18(6):3670–3680, June 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3120027

74. ROI extraction for vein infrared images

Wang, Y., Lu, H., Gao, R., and Wang, Y. V-Vibe: A robust ROI extraction method

based on background subtraction for vein images collected by infrared device. Infrared

Physics & Technology, 123:104175, June 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.

infrared.2022.104175

75. Background removal of dance clips

Wang, J., Wang, Y., Weng, N., Chai, T., Li, A., Zhang, F., and Yu, S. Will you

ever become popular? learning to predict virality of dance clips. ACM Transactions

on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications, 18(2):1–24, May 2022.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3477533

76. License plate recognition

Qin, G., Yang, S., and Li, S. A vehicle path tracking system with cooperative recogni-

tion of license plates and traﬃc network big data. IEEE Transactions on Automation

Science and Engineering, 9(3):1033–1043, May 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.

1109/tnse.2020.3048167

77. Detection of abnormal human behavior

Ke, G., Che, R.S., Chen, Y.C., Hu, Y.X., and Wu, T.Y. Simple multi-scale human

abnormal behaviour detection based on video. International Journal of Information

and Computer Security, 17(3-4):–, April 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/

IJICS.2022.122376

78. Drone detection in static complex environment

Elsayed, M., Mashaly, A.S., Reda, M., and Amein, A.S. Visual drone detection in

static complex environment. In International Conference on Electrical Engineering

(ICEENG), pages 154–158. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),

Cairo, Egypt, March 2022. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceeng49683.2022.

9781946

79. Robot positioning

Zhao, R. and Feng, Y. Research on robot positioning and target detection in student

competition system. Automation & Instrumentation, 2022(3):172–176, March 2022.

URL https://qikan.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=7106878362

80. Upper-body and head pose classiﬁcation

Li, Y.Y., Wang, S.J., and Hung, Y.P. A vision-based system for in-sleep upper-body

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